Contour system of planting examples. Both in short-maturing annual crops, e.

Contour system of planting examples 4: Mark the planting position on both the vertical lines following the spacing to be adopted between the rows. – Fahmuddin Agus, “Grain Crop Response to Contour Hedgerow Systems,” Agroforestry Chapter 4 Agroforestry . J. The width of contour terrace varies according to the slope of the hill. Cahill, the men behind the Towards Integrated Soil Conservation title, wrote in 1986 that “it is more practical and economical to use management practices that minimize soil erosion rather than to allow erosion to reach the stage where restoration of eroded soil is necessary. This system of planting is the simplest and the most convenient to layout. The plants are at the right angle to each other, every unit of four plants forming a square. Recommendations are provided for planting distance, digging and filling pits, timing of planting, and protecting and even plant growth. In summary, while contour farming offers numerous , it is important to acknowledge and address the limitations associated with this soil conservation technique. 2 Closed micro-catchments 51 6. If farmers leave the SALT farm, like some tribal groups do, the nitrogen-fixing trees and shrubs (NFTS) will continue to grow a, square system b,rectangular system c. Contour system Contour system is a little more complicated than any other system of layout since planting has to be done on slopes. –serve as source of additional income till the main trees come into bearing. Mixed crops varying in root system help in better utilization of plant Square system. What is Contour Farming? Contour farming is a technology, a practice, or a system in sloping agricultural lands whereby crop rows are oriented perpendicular to or across the slope of the land. Slowing the flow of runoff water reduces soil erosion and therefore also nutrient loss. Advantages E. In a hilly area, a lot of depressions, ridges, furrows, and place surface are found. The removal of Imperata to convert grassland to other uses may expose the soil to erosion and do more harm than good. Square system 2. 1 Contour ploughing 62 7. Furrow cultivation associated with bio-geotextile application increased soil water storages (see Fig. A farmer can grow varieties of crops he is familiar with and old farming patterns can be utilized in the SALT system. Direct-seeded plants mature 7 to 10 days earlier than transplanted rice. 5. Plowing and planting in slope contours create man-made water gaps that allow water enough time to penetrate the soil and settle the topsoil without washing down the slope. Table 3. This is a practice known as vegetative contour barriers or contour hedgerows, a viable alternative farming system to expensive terracing. The systems are: 1. Planting across the natural lines of the site reduces rain gullies and runoff. A farmer can grow varieties of crops he is familiar with system. Contour Farming. Furrows are ploughed perpendicular rather than parallel to the slope. The space between the contour hedgerows, the alley, is used to grow agricultural and cash crops (Kang et al. you can plant vegetative hedges, bunch grass, or shrubs on the contour at regular intervals. System of planting:- • (5) Contour system : It is usually followed on the hills with high slopes. To avoid having to lay out new key contour lines every year, establish a narrow permanent strip of grass along each key Square system. It particularly suits to a land with undulated topography, where there is greater danger of erosion and irrigation of the There are five systems of planting in which the fruit trees are commonly planted. This planting system is used on hills with high Discussion on How to Compute Square, Quincunx and Triangular method of planting. Trees are set at the corners of a square formed by • Contour system 3. Crops like maize, sorghum, pearl, millet which are normally grown in rows are ideally suited for contour cultivation. Contour Trencher are dug out across he slopes and trees are planted. In this method trees are planted across the slopes. For its advantages, it requires less labor, a nursery is not needed, care for it, and pull the seedlings. More drops in the bucket As a method for maximizing water resources, contour farming will be an increasingly important tool for growers to use while contending with a changing planet, scientists say. In contour tillage system, the direction of the plant lines was against the slope, resulting in a decrease of runoff and sediment loss with respect to traditional down-slope tillage. Rectangular system 3. 75 KB Create Date July 21, 2020 Download; What is Contour Hedgerow System? This system is the planting of hedgerows with leguminous tree and other plant species along the contour of sloping lands to provide vegetative barriers to soil erosion while contributing green manure to cash crops grown in the alley-strips. Plant to plant distance can be maintained the same. Van Oosten and E. For the procedure mark contours at a distance equal to row to row distance on each contour lines. The plants are planted at each corner of the squares. Procedure for layout: Step numbers: 1, 2 and 3 are the same as in the square system. Rill development is reduced when surface runoff is impounded in small depressions. Contour bunds, also known as berms, are small ridges constructed across the slope to prevent water runoff. Skill is required to layout the orchard. 3 Ridging and tied-ridging 66 9. 2. The purpose of building terraces along the contour lines is to prevent soil erosion and retain moisture. In our quest to profit from the land and feed a hungry planet with annual crops such as corn and soybeans, we have abandoned one of the most powerful conservation practices known to science – contour farming. . These are as follows: Contour system. Cultural control refers to minimizing the conditions that allow pests to thrive and spread. It is the most commonly used method and easy to layout in the field. Natural Planting legume trees along Contour Lines helps fix nitrogen, slow erosion and grow mulch. Planting Fruit Crops: System # 1. B) The rectangular system is similar but rows are spaced farther apart than within rows. It is essential that the productivity of these resources be Contour farming involves farming row patterns as level as possible around a hill the rows do not go up and down but are around the hill generating the equivalent of small dams . Instead of plowing straight up and down the slopes, farmers follow the lay of the land. Used since ancient times to slow the flow of water across the land to make it soak into the soil, contour farming is a method of planting crops across the The document describes different systems of planting trees: A) In the square system trees are planted evenly spaced in four corners of a square. [6] Suppose the amount of rain exceeds your contouring system's Layout planning of Contour System Contour system is a little more complicated than any other system of layout since planting has to be done on slopes. In South India, tea is planted in contours either in single hedge system or in double hedge system. where Contour Hedgerows When hedgerows are planted densely with the contour of the land, they can significantly reduce soil erosion. These contour line furrows create a water break, reducing the formation of rills and gullies during heavy precipitation and allowing more time for the water to settle into Systems of Orchard Planting 010 . C) The triangular system alternates rows so plants are midway between rows. D EFINITIONS Alley Cropping: Growing annual crops between rows of trees. Interestingly, this effect was also observed during the drier periods, thereby extending the potential crop growing period. In this system, plant to plant and row to row distance is the same. Modipuram on Subhash Palekar natural farming in the rice-wheat system in north India shows a 40 percent yield About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright But now contour farming is getting a fresh look, especially in parts of the world prone to more-extreme weather due to climate change. In a hilly area, a lot of depressions, ridges, furrows and place surface are found. pdf), Text File (. In this system the trees are planted along the contour line at right This chapter briefly summarizes the causes and consequences of soil erosion, before presenting examples of effective soil conservation technologies (SCT), such as contour-based cropping, cover Here are the key steps in preparing an orchard layout design: 1. In this system row to row and plant to plant distances are kept similar. For example, movement of sediment can help to create natural terraces in alley systems where annual crops are integrated with trees or grass strips planted along the contour (Garrity, 1996, Garrity, 1999). Triangular system 4. Contour is an imaginary line connecting all points of equal elevation across a slope. txt) or read online for free. square system; It is most easy and popular method of planting of fruit plant. 2. M. The primary aim of this strategy is to slow the downhill flow of water and encourage the infiltration of water into the soil. This plant commonly followed as it is easy to layout, inter cropping and cultivation is visible in two direction e. Contour plowing or contour farming is the farming practice of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. The main objective if this type of system is, it helps to control soil erosion and helps to conserve soil. Step number 5: What system of planting (square, rectangular, diagonal, triangular, hexagonal, contour) has the optimum number of permanent plants per unit area? Expert Solution This question has been solved! Contour system. Start with planting on the contour As a farmer, your first step for slowing down rainwater is to determine your field’s contour lines. This system is usually followed in the hilly areas with high slopes but it is very much similar to the square/rectangular system. Ideal for hilly or sloped terrain for contour farming. This way, moisture is available for plant roots to access, promoting healthy growth and reducing the need for excessive Square, Quincunx and Hexagonal with computation( Tagalog/Filipino Version) The contour hedgerow intercropping system is a simultaneous agroforestry system which involves planting double hedgerows of nitrogen-fixing plants along the contour lines of a slope at a distance of 4–6 m (Tang 2000a). Farming This article throws light upon the top six systems of planting of fruit crops. The main criteria for best implementation of this technique appear in Table 3. 4. But Plowing and planting across slope contours create man-made water breaks that not only allows enough time for the water to enter the soil, but also to settles the topsoil without washing it down the slope. Square System: It is the most commonly used method and easy to layout in the field. 2) Key considerations for layout include planting systems like square, rectangular, hexagonal, and contour patterns to facilitate cultivation and maximize plant density. (b) The plot is divided into square. High density Agronomic measures encompass a range of practices such as contour ploughing, crop rotation, and conservation tillage, which aim to minimize soil erosion, enhance soil fertility, and reduce Contour lines are determined by using an A-frame transit that any farmer can learn to make and use. In contour farming, the water flows slowly across the slope, which allows it to seep into the soil and reach the crops’ roots. Double hedge contour planting system accommodates nearly 22 % higher population than single hedge system. Then plant your orchard across the slope (or “on the contour”). Under such circumstances, the trees may be well planted in lines following the contour of the soil with only a slight slope. Contour farming is the method of planting crops along a contour that is basically across the slope (horizontal) rather than up and down (vertical). Step No. This study quantified natural terrace formation and examined its role in reducing soil and nutrient losses during early stages of agroforestry with fruit trees, contour grass strips and maize or Contour farming is a type of terrace farming where the terraces are built along the contour lines of the slopes. –should be precocious and short-lived. Free style system Square system of planting It is most common and easiest system of planting. • Fillers are planted –when plant to plant distance is more (> 8m) and Version 1 Download 451 File Size 324. Selecting Suitable Contour lines are run by using an A-frame transit that any farmer can learn to make and use. 1 Soil erosion control with contour planting . These are typical examples of this type of system: Negarim microcatchments, contour bunds, and semicircular bunds (Critchley and Siegert, 1991). Permanent-ridge tillage systems were also adapted to smallholder farming systems by researchers. The planting distance under the contour system may not be uniform. Mango, Banana and citrus crops. 3 Semi-circular bunds 56. The lines of crop rows perpendicular to the slope help to slow water runoff, inhibit the formation of channels of water, and limit soil erosion (and the resultant loss of nutrients). Used Actual field demonstration of Plant system and layouting, commontly use in Horticultural crops Any tillage or planting system that leaves at least 30% of the soil surface covered with residue after planting has been defined as conservation tillage. Disadvantages 1. Contour System. The document discusses different orchard layout systems including square, rectangular, quincunx, hexagonal, and contour systems. Square System: (a) This is simplest system of fruit planting. In a hilly area, a lot Example Solving Problem • The recommended planting distance for avocado is 8 meters. The general design principle of microcatchment rainwater harvesting systems involves a catchment area that collects runoff coming from roofs or ground Contour Planting and Irrigating on Moderate-to-steep Slopes; C440. As a proven system of upland farming, SALT has certain good qualities over both the traditional techniques of -andburn and conventional terrace farming. Establishment of an orchard is a long term investment and needs a very careful planning and expertise. Results showed contour cultivation reduced the annual runoff by 10% compared with If the slope becomes stiff, the width of terrace is narrower and vice-versa. There are several orchard layout systems including square, rectangular, quincunx, hexagonal, and contour systems. Trees are set at the corners of a square formed Among the prevalent systems of layout, Square, Rectangular, Quincunx, Hexagonal and Contour are practiced. In a properly designed contour farming system the Agroforestry systems may be thought of as principle parts of the farm system itself, which contains many other sub-systems that together define a way of life. Each system has advantages and disadvantages related to planting density, ease of maintenance, and land Based on the Nyquist Stability Criterion, the system is stable for [latex]0 14. Performing tillage and planting crops along the contour of the land can be an effective conservation measure. - The document discusses various methods for establishing orchards, including site selection, land preparation, planning the orchard layout, and planting systems. Hexagonal system 5. 3. Contents 5 Part II: Soil moisture retention 62 7 Contour systems to improve infiltration 62 7. Similarly, make equilateral triangles on the second line and cover the whole land. Contour farming involves plowing and planting crop rows along the natural contours of gently sloping land (figure \(\PageIndex{l}\)). Main conditions for proper contour planting. 7. Layout Plan: The following are the important systems of planting generality followed on the basis of agro-climatic conditions: 1. The E. Intercultural operations become difficult. But when planting is done, a line is made by connecting all the points of the same elevation across the slope from a base line. Mark the tops al all the triangles with pegs and join them into a line to form the second line of trees. Number of plant population that can be accommodated in this system is Asia. Farmers adapted contour hedgerow farming practices into a simpler, buffer- strip system as a labor-saving measure to conserve soil and sustain yields on steeply sloping cropland in Claveria, Mindanao, Philippines. Contour System: It is only followed on hills with high slopes. This planting arrangement permits production from triangular system of planting are given below: Crop Plant distance Number of plants/ha Square system Hexagonal system Triangular system Mango 10*10 100 115 89 Sapota 8*8 156 189 139 Acid lime 5*5 ICRAF has been conducting research on contour hedgerow technologies in Claveria, northern Mindanao, Philippines, for the past decade. This technique is most effective when combined with vegetative ground cover (cover crops) and the use of vegetated barriers on the contour. A tree is planted at each corner of A. 4 Example. Both in short-maturing annual crops, e. Beautification: Contour farming or ploughing is the practice of ploughing and/or planting along a contour, i. Contour system . E. Examples include alternating which crops are planted each year (crop rotation), planting multiple types of crops near each other (intercropping; figure \(\PageIndex{c}\)), selecting pest-resistant varieties, and planting pest-free rootstock (underground plant parts). 1981, 1987; Nair 1993; Tang 2000a). Contour plowing, Pennsylvania, 1938 "Contour bunding", Catalonia, 2007. Choose an appropriate planting system like square, rectangular, quincunx, hexagonal, or contour based on terrain, tree types, and operational needs. Without contour garden rows, crop and land losses can occur. It is a form of terracing that requires much less earthwork and landscaping than the bench terracing system since the terraces or growing flatlands follow the natural contour of the hill. However, for high density planting single hedge row system (Rectangular This document discusses planning and layout of orchards. At the point when it downpours, quick spillover is brought about by wrinkles that don’t follow the regular contours of the dirt since they make a simple way for the water to The planting distance under the contour system may not be uniform. Contour system Contour is an imaginary line connecting all points of equal elevation across a slope. E) The Aligning ridges, furrows, and roughness formed by tillage, planting and other operations to reduce velocity and direction of water flow to around the hillslope. • percent slope and slope length used for conservation planning for each contour system • the minimum and maximum allowable row grades for the contour system (documentation used Contouring. Prepare a plan on paper marking planting distances and positions 6. Contour Terracing. strip cropping reduces the risk of soil compaction because the varied root systems help keep the soil loose and aerated. 44 hectare using the three planting system (square, triangle and quincunx). The selection of proper location and site, nature of soil planting system and planting distance, choosing the varieties and the nursery plants have to be Contour plowing, also called contour farming, involves plowing furrows along the natural curves and contour lines of sloping fields. Vegetative barriers planted on the contour control erosion and provide organic material and nitrogen for the subsequent crops. • Delays in removal of fillers - adversely affects the performance of main plantation. 1. Quincunx system 6. “In the absence of N fertilizer, the contour hedgerow treatments often had higher yields than Treatment [control], with Treatment [Gliricidia sepium] usually having the highest yield. The points having same Determine if more than one key contour line will be needed if you encounter steep or irregular slopes. , coconut, the same rule applies. This allows you to do all the land preparation, planting, and harvesting across the slope. –make cross cultivation difficult. Best conditions for use of contour planting. roughness formed by tillage, planting and other farming operations at a grade near the contour to alter the velocity or the direction of water flow. Contour bunding for tree planting is not yet as common as Negarim In our quest to profit from the land and feed a hungry planet with annual crops such as corn and soybeans, we have abandoned one of the most powerful conservation practices known to science – contour farming. The contour terracing system combines the benefits of contour farming and terrace farming practices. Example: Determine the number of mango trees that can be planted under Fillers –usually not permanent trees and planted to fill the central space. Number of plant population that can be accommodated in this system is. Practice Information Contour farming is generally used on sloping land where tillage, planting, and cultivation are used to grow annual crops. On slopes with no contours, water runoff quickly without the soil properly absorbing it and carrying the top fertile soil with it Contour system It is generally followed on the hills with high slopes. , corn, and in perennial crops, e. Alley Cropping with Hedgerows Trees and shrubs are planted along the contour or For example, legumes can be alternated with corn, so the corn can use nitrogen that the legumes leave in the soil. 1 Planting pits or Zaï 48 6. D) The hexagonal system uses an equilateral triangle pattern. 2), while in both furrow cultivation treatments, stored soil water was higher than in the contour planting treatments over the entire observation period. Contour farming not only minimizes erosion but also reduces runoff by storing rainfall behind ridges. e. Intensive examination of many facets of contour hedgerow systems has led to the conclusion that hedgerow systems of leguminous trees consistently increase maize yield by 20–30 per cent, although In situations where fertilizer and herbicides are used, this means the chemicals flow down into moving water systems, causing algae and creating a toxic environment for wildlife. 7. Use a contour gauge or GPS guidance equipment to assist in establishing and planting along the contour. The storage capacity of furrows is The contour planting is used on rolling slopes or hillsides where some terracing may be needed. Establishment of Orchard Orchard: Refers to an area where intensive cultivation of fruit crop is done. Lay out of different systems in the filed- Working out the number of plants per unit area in each system. quincunx system d, hexagonal system or triangular e, contour system or strip cropping. Tips on Building Contour Beds A contouring algorithm was evaluated in which the direction of a tractor is determined by contour-based neural activity whereby neurons corresponding to regions of the terrain of similar height to In some cases, after the inter-cultivation operations a ridge and furrow system or the contour develops and offers greater resistance to surface runoff. Contour system. × 2. The main purpose of this system is to minimize the soil loss due to erosion • Contour system 3. Farming across the slope helps to shorten slope In the hills, terraces should be made along the contours. Consider the system with the unit feedback closed loop system under Proportional Gain as before, where the open loop transfer function Table 3. Note:-If the slope of land is less than 10%, then contour lines 5 Planting systems-What is layout? – Points to be considered before selecting a system of planting-different systems of planting-square, rectangular, quincunx, hexagonal and contour with their merits and demerits of each system. This helps to maintain the integrity of the contour farming system and ensures its long-term effectiveness As with other forms of microcatchment water harvesting techniques, the yield of runoff is high, and when designed correctly, there is no loss of runoff out of the system. 5 An example of an integrated contour farming system: SALT 82 Glossary 84 Contour Planting is a planting strategy for sloping fields, where crop rows follow slope contours rather than planting in rows up- and down-slope. It explains that proper planning is important when establishing an orchard, including selecting the location, soil type, fruit varieties, planting distances, and irrigation Contour farming is a technique that involves planting crops along the contour lines of a field to reduce soil erosion and improve crop yields. This system facilitates the interculture in two directions after the orchard is planted. Measure the land and decide which tree types to plant based on land characteristics. The main planting systems discussed are square, quincunx, rectangular, triangular, and contour methods. More income can be obtained. Cultural Control. g. Each system is described in terms of how the trees are arranged, advantages and disadvantages, and procedures for laying out the orchard. Field strip cropping. In this system, plant to plant and row to row distance is kept similar. Strip cropping is a method where farmers grow different crops in narrow, long strips across a field that helps to control soil erosion. Build these bunds perpendicular to the slope, following the contour lines. Now there are special terms for relevant farming practices Contour and Terrace Farming. Skill is required to layout the orchard. Using the recommended planting distance compute for the number of plants needed for 1. When the slope is less than 10% contour bunding is practiced and if the slope is greater than 10%contour terracing is practiced. 3) Irrigation sources should be at a higher level than The planting distance in contour system may not be uniform. , across the slope (horizontal) rather than up and down (vertical). Advantages • It is one of the most easy and cheapest systems of planting. 2 Strip cropping 64 7. For example, contour and terrace farming practices are effective and common means of soil and water conservation in fields with substantial variation in elevation and slope. In this case the tree rows are planted along a uniform slope and usually at right angle to the slope with the idea of reducing Planting system in orchards - Free download as PDF File (. While it may require additional labor and Hexagonal or equilateral triangle system; Quincunx or diagonal system; Contour system. way, the objective of contour farming is The planting distance under the contour system may not be uniform. Contour farming is a kind of cultivating that preserves the dirt by following the lay of the land and making edges that structure a water break which further forestalls soil disintegration. Advantages 3. 1-Square system: This system of planting is the simplest and the most convenient to layout. The use of contour farming systems is one of the most important management approaches to reduce runoff and soil erosion on a mild slope. Usually, there is a confusion between contour farming and terrace farming, but both techniques are different form each other Examples of seeds are cucumber, radish, sitao, melon, beans, watermelon, carrot, squash and okra. The contours may be of full length or less than full length depending on variations in the degree of slope. ewzcan gvvysm fpj skhbwmx zoitpe poaqkmz ehzbmxw uckj obqdp wpbjx